事件文学理论探微——“理论之后”反思文学研究的重建

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 特里·伊格尔顿（Terry Eagleton）在《理论之后》中对曾盛极一时的各种后理论进行了批判，提出文学理论要重新回归文学本体，要在道德和伦理等宏大问题上进行建构性的反思。本文试图在伊格尔顿提出的“文学伦理学”的基础上，在其理论反思所凸显的“事件”的基础上，将吉尔·德勒兹和阿兰·巴迪欧的“事件”哲学概念结合起来，继续推进伊格尔顿对理论的反思，尝试发展出一套行之有效的事件文学理论。事件文学理论关注的是作家作为事件的忠诚主体通过语言事件表现生命事件，关注的是读者作为事件的忠诚主体接受这些生命事件，通过自己的生成让它们颠覆日常生活中的规则、习惯、风俗、标准等等。因此可以说，这正是伊格尔顿所期待的“文学伦理学”。

关键词: 事件, 小民族语言, 生成, 忠诚主体, 事件文学, 小民族文学

Abstract: Terry Eagleton criticized different kinds of post theories which were once in fashion in his After Theory, and proposed that literary theory should return to literature itself and reflect on such grand issues as morality and ethics in a constructive way. Based on the "literary ethics" put forward by Terry Eagleton and the concept of "event" highlighted by his theoretical reflection, this paper tries to combine Gilles Deleuze's and Alain Badiou's concepts of "event" in order to carry forward Eagleton's reflection on theory and develop an effective theory of event literature, which focuses on writers who, as the faithful subjects of events, describe life events — different becomings — through language events, and on readers who, also as the faithful subjects of events, make those events subvert the rules, conventions, customs, standards, etc. in their daily life by virtue of their becomings. Therefore, we can say this theory of event literature is the "literary ethics" expected by Eagleton.

Key words: event, minoritarian, language, becoming, faithful subject, event literature, minor literature

尹晶. 事件文学理论探微——“理论之后”反思文学研究的重建[J]. 文艺理论研究, 2017, 37(3): 209-216.

Yin Jing. A Probe into the Theory of Event Literature: Reflections on the Reconstruction of Literary Studies "after Theory"[J]. Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art, 2017, 37(3): 209-216.

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(1)中文译文参考了阴志科:“伊格尔顿‘文学事件’的三重涵义---兼论书名中的event”,《文艺理论研究》6(2016):88。
(2)这部分阅读参考了Paul Patton.“Becoming-Animal and Pure Life in Coetzee's Disgrace.”Ariel:A Review of International English Literature,35.1-2(2006):101-19.巴顿在文中还分析了戴维·卢里的生成动物。
(3)德勒兹从丹麦语言学家叶尔姆斯列夫(Louis Hjelmslev)那里借用来这些术讨论福柯的《知识考古学》,并赋予它们一种完全不同的含义。参见德勒兹《福柯褶子》,第53页。
(4)虽然德勒兹(和瓜塔里)对事件的理解与巴迪欧的理解略有差异,但在德勒兹(和瓜塔里)这里,作者和读者需要像巴迪欧的忠诚主体那样对事件忠诚,才能让文学作品发挥其“文学伦理学”功能。具体如何发挥该功能,详见下文中的讨论。
(5)目前国内对“minor literature”一词有多种译法,如“小民族文学”“少数文学”“小文学”“小众文学”等,本文采用了“小民族文学”这一译法,因为德勒兹(和瓜塔里)在《千座高原》中阐述“小民族语言”和“大民族语言”时对“大”和“小”进行了详细探讨:“大”和“小”不是指数量,而是说“大”是主导、规范、标准和常量,是权力的施行,而“小”则是对“大”的解域、颠覆,是对标准的违规,是变量,是变化、生成和创造(尹晶75)。采用“小民族文学”这一译法也可与德勒兹(和瓜塔里)讨论的“小民族语言”和“小民族政治”保持一致。关于“小民族文学”的内涵,详见下文中的讨论。

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事件文学理论探微——“理论之后”反思文学研究的重建

A Probe into the Theory of Event Literature: Reflections on the Reconstruction of Literary Studies "after Theory"

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