“士大夫之学”视野下的曾国藩“奇偶互用”说

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 曾国藩在奠定“士大夫之学”学术规模的过程中,根植《易传·系辞》的宇宙观和张载的辩证观,依据韩愈“孔墨相用”说而提出“奇偶互用”说。相较清中叶以来“奇偶相生”“奇偶相杂迭用”“骈散相成”“奇偶相间”“奇偶相参错综”等说,“奇偶互用”说确立“奇”为本位、以“奇”兼“偶”的体用关系,主要从行气运辞、天授人事的角度记述奇偶,重塑韩愈古文在学术分途中的连接作用与在文体演变中的典范价值。该说完善并发展了姚鼐“文分阴阳”说,试图纠正桐城理论阴阳分判、偏于阳刚,而创作失之阴柔的流弊。曾国藩大胆接受富有争议的“孔墨相用”说,体现了其在晚清大变局中,借助韩愈归本经子、博学于文的“大贤君子之道”,复兴修己治人、经世致用的大人之学的淑世情怀。

关键词: 曾国藩, 晚清, 士大夫之学, 骈散合一论, 韩愈

Abstract: In solidifying the scholarly framework of “the learning of scholar-officials”, Zeng Guofan, inspired by the cosmological insights of the “Xici” (the chapters explaining the principles of The Book of Changes) and the dialectical perspective of Zhang Zai, drew upon Han Yu's discourse of the “complementary use of Confucianism and Mohism” to formulate his own theory of “complementary use of odd and even prose”. This theory, distinguishing itself from mid-Qing narratives on the interplay of prose styles, posits odd prose as foundational, to be harmoniously integrated with even prose. This approach evaluates prose through the lens of qi dynamics and divine governance, re-establishing Han Yu's ancient prose as a bridge in academic diversification and as a paradigm in stylistic evolution. Furthermore, Zeng's theory expands upon Yao Nai's dichotomy of prose into yin and yang, aiming to rectify the biases of overt masculinity, thereby neglecting feminine subtlety in literal works of Tongcheng. By adopting Han Yu's ideal of returning to the classical virtues and embracing broad scholarly knowledge, Zeng Guofan's acceptance of the controversial “complementary use of Confucianism and Mohism” underscores his commitment to rejuvenating the ethos of self-improvement, societal education, and pragmatic application during the late Qing transformation.

Key words: Zeng Guofan, late Qing dynasty, learning of scholar-officials, the thought of unity of parallel and prose, Han Yu.

陈慧. “士大夫之学”视野下的曾国藩“奇偶互用”说[J]. 文艺理论研究, 2024, 44(2): 101-113.

Chen Hui. Zeng Guofan's Prose Theory from the Perspective of the Learning of Scholar-Officials[J]. Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art, 2024, 44(2): 101-113.

陈澧:《陈兰甫先生澧遗稿》,《1900—1949年中国学术研究期刊汇编·岭南学报4》。北京:线装书局,2009年。200。
[Chen, Li. “Chen Lanfu's Posthumous Manuscripts.” Collection of Chinese Academic Research Journals from 19001949. Lingnan Journal. Vol.4. Beijing: Thread-Binding Books Publishing House, 2009.200.]
——:《陈澧集》,黄国声主编。上海:上海古籍出版社,2008年。
[——. The Complete Works of Chen Li. Ed. Huang Guosheng. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publi-shing House, 2008.]
陈寅恪:《陈寅恪集·金明馆丛稿初编》。北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2015年。
[Chen, Yinke. Collected Works of Chen Yinke: The First Collection of Manuscripts in Jinming Studio. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2015.]
程颢程颐:《河南程氏遗书(卷第二上)》,《二程集》上册。北京:中华书局,2004年。13—48。
[Cheng, Hao, and Cheng Yi. “Posthumous Manuscripts of the Chengs in Henan, Vol.2(1).” The Complete Works of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. Vol.1. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2004.1348.]
达一:《文统之梦》,《申报·自由谈》1933年9月27日第17版。
[Da Yi. “Dream for Wentong.” Shun Pao 27 September 1933.]
代亮:《曾国藩的韩愈情结》,《船山学刊》3(2009):32—35。
[Dai, Liang. “Zeng Guofan's Han Yu Complex.” Chuanshan Journal 3(2009):3235.]
董丛林编著:《曾国藩年谱长编(上卷)》。上海:上海交通大学出版社,2017年。
[Dong, Conglin, ed. The Extended Chronicle of Zeng Guofan. Vol.1. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press, 2017.]
方苞:《方苞集》,刘季高校点。上海:上海古籍出版社,1983年。
[Fang, Bao. The Complete Works of Fang Bao. Ed. Liu Jigao. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1983.]
方东树:《切问斋文钞书后》,《中国近代文学大系·文学理论集一》。上海:上海书店出版社,1994年。380。
[Fang, Dongshu. “After the Book of The Collectanea in Qiewen Studio.” Major Department of Modern Chinese Literature, Collection of Literary Theories. Vol.1. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House 1994.380.]
冯友兰:《中国哲学史新编》第5—6册(修订版),《冯友兰文集》第12卷。长春:长春出版社,2017年。
[Feng, Youlan. The New History of Chinese Philosophy. Vols.56 (Revised Edition). Collected Works of Feng Youlan. Vol.12. Changchun: Changchun Publishing House, 2017.]
顾颉刚:《古史辨》第1册。上海:上海古籍出版社,1982年。
[Gu, Jiegang. Doubting Ancient History. Vol.1. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1982.]
顾炎武:《日知录集释》卷七,黄汝成集释,栾保群、吕宗力校点。上海:上海古籍出版社,2006年。
[Gu, Yanwu. A Collection of Interpretations of The Daily Understanding. Vol.7. Eds. Huang Rucheng, et al. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2006.]
管同:《因寄轩文初集》卷六,《续修四库全书》第1504册。上海:上海古籍出版社,1995年。
[Guan, Tong. First Collected Works in Yinji Library. Vol.6. A Sequel to The Complete Library of the Four Treasuries. Vol.1504. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1995.]
韩愈:《韩昌黎文集校注》,马其昶校注。上海:上海古籍出版社,1986年。
[Han, Yu. Annotated Collected Essays of Han Changli. Ed. Ma Qichang. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1986.]
黄海章:《中国文学批评简史》,吴承学、彭玉平主编。广州:广东人民出版社,1981年。
[Huang, Haizhang. A Brief History of Chinese Literary Criticism. Eds. Wu Chengxue and Peng Yuping. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Press, 1981.]
蒋湘南:《七经楼文钞》。郑州:中州古籍出版社,1991年。
[Jiang, Xiangnan. Collected Essays from the Seven Classics Studio. Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1991.]
黎靖德编:《朱子语类》卷一百三十七。北京:中华书局,1986年。
[Li, Jingde, ed. Analects of Zhu Xi. Vol.137. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986.]
黎庶昌:《拙尊园丛稿》,《清代诗文集汇编》第733册。上海:上海古籍出版社,2010年。
[Li, Shuchang. Collected Manuscripts of Zhuozun Garden. Collected Poems and Proses from the Qing Dynasty. Vol.733. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2010.]
李详:《李审言文集》,李稚甫编校。南京:江苏古籍出版社,1989年。
[Li, Xiang. The Complete Works of Li Shenyan. Ed. Li Zhifu. Nanjing: Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1989.]
李元春:《时斋文集初刻》卷二,《清代诗文集汇编》第496册。上海:上海古籍出版社,2010年。
[Li, Yuanchun. The Early Collection of Engraved Works of Shi Studio. Vol.2. Collected Poems and Proses from the Qing Dynasty. Vol.496. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2010.]
李兆洛:《骈体文钞》。北京:商务印书馆,1937年。
[Li, Zhaoluo. Rhythmical Prose. Beijing: the Commercial Press, 1988.]
——:《养一斋文集》卷八,《续修四库全书》第1495册。上海:上海古籍出版社,1995年。
[——. The Complete Works of Yangyi Studio. Vol.8. A Sequel to The Complete Library of the Four Treasuries. Vol.1495. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1995.]
梁启超:《清代学术概论》。上海:上海古籍出版社,1989年。
[Liang, Qichao. An Outline of Academic Works in the Qing Dynasty. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1989.]
凌廷堪:《校礼堂文集》卷三十二,《凌廷堪全集》第3册,纪健生校点。合肥:黄山书社,2009年。
[Ling, Tingkan. Collected Works of Jiaoli Hall. Vol.32. The Complete Works of Ling Tingkan. Vol.3. Ed. Ji Jiansheng. Hefei: Huangshan Publishing House, 2009.]
刘开:《刘孟涂集》,《清代诗文集汇编》第543册。上海:上海古籍出版社,2010年。
[Liu, Kai. The Complete Works of Liu Mengtu. Collected Poems and Proses from the Qing Dynasty. Vol.543. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2010.]
刘熙载:《艺概》,《刘熙载文集》,薛正兴校点。南京:凤凰出版社,2017年。
[Liu, Xizai. General Survey of Arts. Collected Essays of Liu Xizai. Ed. Xue Zhengxing. Nanjing: Phoenix Publishing House, 2017.]
刘增杰关爱和主编:《中国近现代文学思潮史》。上海:上海文艺出版社,2008年。
[Liu, Zengjie, and Guan Aihe, eds. A History of Modern Chinese Literary Thoughts. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 2008.]
柳春蕊:《曾国藩士大夫之学及其内在逻辑》,《齐鲁学刊》6(2007):34—40。
[Liu, Chunrui. “Zeng Guofan's Learning as a Scholar-Official and Its Intrinsic Logic.” Qilu Journal 6(2007):3440.]
路德:《柽华馆全集》,《续修四库全书》第1509册。上海:上海古籍出版社,2003年。
[Lu, De. The Complete Works of Chenghua Studio. A Sequel to The Complete Library of the Four Treasuries. Vol.1509. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2003.]
陆继辂:《崇百药斋文集》卷十四,《清代诗文集汇编》第506册。上海:上海古籍出版社,2010年。
[Lu, Jilu. The Complete Works of Chongbai Medicine Studio, Vol.14. Collected Poems and Proses from the Qing Dynasty. Vol.506. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2010.]
小野泽精一福永光司山井涌编:《气的思想——中国自然观与人的观念的发展》,李庆译。上海:上海人民出版社,2007年。
[Onozawa, Seiichi, et al. eds. The Concept of Qi: Development of Chinese Views on Nature and Human Beings. Trans. Li Qing. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2007.]
欧明俊:《学术视野中的古代文章学》,《中国古代文章学的衍化与异形》,王水照、侯体健主编。上海:复旦大学出版社,2014年。50—52。
[Ou, Mingjun. “Ancient Essay Composition Theory from an Academic Perspective.” The Evolution and Variation of Ancient Chinese Essay Composition Theory. Eds. Wang Shuizhao and Hou Tijian. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2014.5052.]
钱穆:《近百年来诸儒论读书》,《学籥》。北京:九州出版社,2016年。74—96。
[Qian, Mu. “Confucian's Theory about Reading in the Past Hundred Years.” A Key to Learning. Beijing: Jiuzhou Press, 2016.7496.]
——:《中国近三百年学术史》。北京:九州出版社,2011年。
[——. The Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years. Beijing: Jiuzhou Press, 2011.]
——:《朱子新学案》第一册。北京:九州出版社,2011年。
[——. A New Study of Zhu Xi's Thought. Vol.1. Beijing: Jiuzhou Press, 2011.]
阮元:《揅经室集》,邓经元点校。北京:中华书局,1993年。
[Ruan, Yuan. Collected Works from the Yanjing Studio. Ed. Deng Jingyuan. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1993.]
汪中:《述学》,戴庆钰、涂小马校点。沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,2000年。
[Wang, Zhong. On Learning. Eds. Dai Qingyu and Tu Xiaoma. Shenyang: Liaoning Education Press, 2000.]
王葆心:《古文辞通义》,《历代文话》第八册。上海:复旦大学出版社,2007年。
[Wang, Baoxin. General Principles of Ancient Chinese Prose. Remarks on Essays of Successive Dynasties. Vol.8. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2007.]
王先谦:《〈续古文辞类纂〉序》,《葵园四种》,梅季标点。长沙:岳麓书社,1986年。30。
[Wang, Xianqian. “Preface to A Sequel to the Collected Ancient Chinese Proses.” Four Books in Kui Garden. Ed. Mei Ji. Changsha: Yuelu Press, 1986.30.]
王运熙顾易生主编:《中国文学批评史新编·下》第2版。上海:复旦大学出版社,2007年。
[Wang, Yunxi, and Gu, Yisheng, eds. A New Compilation of Chinese Literary Criticism. Vol.2. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2007.]
夏震武:《灵峰先生集》卷四上,《中国近代思想家文库·夏震武卷》。北京:中国人民大学出版社,2015年。
[Xia, Zhenwu. Collected Writings of Mr. Lingfeng. Vol.4(1). Modern Chinese Thinkers Library: Xia Zhenwu. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2015.]
杨钟羲:《雪桥诗话三集》卷第十一。北京:北京古籍出版社,1991年。
[Yang, Zhongxi. Three Episodes of Mr. Xueqiao's Poetry Remarks. Vol.11. Beijing: Beijing Ancient Books Publishing House, 1991.]
姚鼐:《古文辞类纂》,边仲仁标点。长沙:岳麓书社,1988年。
[Yao, Nai. Collected Ancient Chinese Proses. Ed. Bian Zhongren. Changsha: Yuelu Press, 1988.]
——:《惜抱轩诗文集》,刘季高标校。上海:上海古籍出版社,1992年。
[——. Corpus of Xibao Library. Ed. Liu Jigao. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1992.]
姚永朴:《文学研究法》,《历代文话》第七册。上海:复旦大学出版社,2007年。
[Yao, Yongpu. Methodology of Literary Research. Remarks on Essays of Successive Dynasties. Vol.7. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2007.]
永瑢等:《四库全书总目》。北京:中华书局,1965年。
[Yongrong, et al. The Imperial Catalogue of The Complete Library of the Four Treasuries. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1965.]
恽敬:《大云山房文稿二集》,《清代诗文集汇编》第449册。上海:上海古籍出版社,2010年。
[Yun, Jing. Two Manuscripts from the Dayun Mountain Room. Collected Poems and Proses from the Qing Dynasty. Vol.449. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2010.]
曾国藩编:《古文四象》。北京:中国书店出版社,2010年。
[Zeng, Guofan, ed. Four Features of Ancient Chinese Proses. Beijing: China Bookstore Publishing House, 2010.]
——:《曾国藩全集》。长沙:岳麓书社,2011年。
[——. The Complete Works of Zeng Guofan. Changsha: Yuelu Press, 2011.]
张灏:《危机中的中国知识分子:寻求秩序与意义》,高力克、王跃译,毛小林校译。北京:新星出版社,2006年。
[Zhang, Hao. Chinese Intellectuals in Crisis: Seeking Order and Meaning. Trans. Gao Like, et al. Beijing: New Star Press, 2006.]
张惠言:《茗柯文编》,黄立新校点。上海:上海古籍出版社,1984年。
[Zhang, Huiyan. Collected Writings of Ming Ke. Ed. Huang Lixin. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1984.]
张永春:《清代墨学与中国传统思想学术的近代转型》。合肥:黄山书社,2014年。
[Zhang, Yongchun. Mohism in the Qing Dynasty and the Modern Transformation of Traditional Chinese Thought. Hefei: Huangshan Publishing House, 2014.]
张永义:《墨子与中国文化》。广州:中山大学出版社,2020年。
[Zhang, Yongyi. Mozi and Chinese Culture. Guangzhou: Sun Yat-sun University Press, 2020.]
郑献甫:《书茅鹿门八家文钞后》,《中国近代文学大系·文学理论集一》。上海:上海书店出版社,1994年。393。
[Zheng, Xianfu. “Criticism of The Eight Literary Notes by Mao Lumen.” Major Department of Modern Chinese Literature, Collection of Literary Theories. Vol.1. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House, 1994.393.]
朱东润:《古文四象论述评》,《中国文学论集》卷一。北京:中华书局,1983年。148—168。
[Zhu, Dongrun. “A Review of the Four Features of Ancient Chinese Proses.” Collected Works of Chinese Literary Criticism. Vol.1. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1983.148168.]
朱琦:《怡志堂文初编》卷二,《清代诗文集汇编》第613册。上海:上海古籍出版社,2010年。
[Zhu, Qi. Early Collection of Literary Writings from the Yizhi Hall. Vol.2. Collected Poems and Proses from the Qing Dynasty. Vol.613. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2010.]

[1]	蔡亚平. 晚清涉海小说艺术探微 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2023, 43(3): 160-168.
[2]	马丽敏. 晚清戏曲功能的多向度展开——以黄燮清戏曲创作为中心 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2023, 43(1): 158-170.
[3]	冯伟. 文学史视域下晚清通俗小说的接受困境与价值转向——以狭邪小说为例 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2023, 43(1): 171-179.
[4]	林锋. “凡为文辞宜略识字”——一个文学常识的生成 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2021, 41(4): 40-50.
[5]	孙启华, 罗时进. 晚清变局中的“类桃源”现象及其诗歌书写 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2020, 40(6): 172-183.
[6]	高玉. 晚清白话文与五四白话文的本质区别 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2019, 39(5): 52-62.
[7]	温庆新. 晚清理论类“小说话”与中国小说批评的现代转型 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2019, 39(3): 79-.
[8]	左鹏军. 曾国藩的诗文理论观念及其近代意义 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2017, 37(4): 6-15.
[9]	熊湘. “余事作诗人”的接受维度与误读原因探析 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2017, 37(4): 32-39.
[10]	姜荣刚. “重拙大”源于书论说——晚清词学转向的文化与文学史背景分析 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2017, 37(3): 95-108.
[11]	方頠玮. 晚清小说的欲望叙述与现代性 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2014, 34(6): 146-150.
[12]	陈水云. 论词教：晚清词坛的尊体与教化 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2014, 34(5): 88-96.
[13]	陈大康. 翻译小说在近代中国的普及 [J]. 文艺理论研究, 2012, 32(3): 53-57.

“士大夫之学”视野下的曾国藩“奇偶互用”说

Zeng Guofan's Prose Theory from the Perspective of the Learning of Scholar-Officials

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

相关文章 13

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价