古罗马的“庄严美”与“优雅美”——以西塞罗为中心

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在西方美学史上,古罗马的西塞罗提出的对庄严美(dignitas)和优雅美(venustas)的划分具有开创性意义。本文基于拉丁语原文对这一组概念展开考辨,认为西塞罗利用公元前2世纪以来的概念和语言资源发展出自己的美学分类,他在维护男性庄严美的同时,让本属于女性的优雅成为古罗马男性精英不可或缺的魅力。而这两种美所内含的性别和阶层的张力也体现了在罗马共和国晚期的政治危机下,西塞罗所构想的能以言辞弥合争端的政治精英所面临的困境。经过西塞罗的使用,优雅美(venustas)完成了语义迁移,不仅成为形容贵族男性的常见词汇,也逐渐发展为形容艺术品的重要美学概念。值得注意的是,优雅美与庄严美在西塞罗处尚不具有独立的美学意义,而是服务于伦理政治主题的从属性议题。

关键词: 古罗马, 西塞罗, 美学, 庄严, 优雅

Abstract: In the history of Western aesthetics, Cicero made a groundbreaking differentiation between two categories of beauty, namely, dignitas and venustas. Starting with a critical examination of this set of concepts, this article argues that Cicero utilized the conceptual and linguistic resources from the second century BCE onwards to develop his aesthetic theory. He defended the masculine dignitas while making venustas — previously used to denote feminine or erotic beauty—an indispensable charm for elite men. The inherent gender and class conflicts within the two types of beauty demonstrated the dilemma facing the ideal orators in Cicero's mind amidst the social crises of late Republican Rome. Since Cicero's time, the meaning of venustas had gone through a semantic shift. It became a common term describing aristocratic men as well as works of art. In Cicero's writings, dignitas and venustas had not yet become independent aesthetic concepts; instead, they were subordinate to the writer's ethical and political concerns.

Key words: Rome, Cicero, aesthetics, dignitas, venustas

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Xiao Xinyao. Dignitas and Venustas in Ancient Rome: The Ciceronian Aesthetic Ideals[J]. Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art, 2023, 43(6): 202-210.

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古罗马的“庄严美”与“优雅美”——以西塞罗为中心

Dignitas and Venustas in Ancient Rome: The Ciceronian Aesthetic Ideals

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