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文艺理论研究

文艺理论研究 ›› 2018, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 88-97.

• 西方文论研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

回到雅各布森：关于“文学性”范畴的语言学溯源

冯巍   

  1. 中国传媒大学，中国文联出版社学术分社
  • 出版日期:2018-05-25 发布日期:2018-10-19
  • 作者简介:冯巍，文学博士，中国传媒大学艺术学博士后。现任职于中国文联出版社学术分社，副编审。主要从事文艺学、艺术学理论研究，以及艺术批评。
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金一般项目“‘中国问题’与‘中国经验’——新时期文艺理论研究”[项目编号：12BZW001]的阶段性成果

Return to Roman Jakobson: On the Linguistic Source of "Literariness"

Feng Wei   

  1. Communication University of China China Federation of Literature and Art Circles Publishing House
  • Online:2018-05-25 Published:2018-10-19
  • About author:Feng Wei, Ph.D., a Postdoctoral Fellow of Art Theory in Communication University of China. Now she is a Senior Editor of China Federation of Literature and Art Circles Publishing House, with main interests in literary theory, art theory and art criticism.
  • Supported by:
    the National Social Science Fund of China's General Program (No. 12BZW001)

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摘要： 关于文学性的文艺学论争，需要从这一范畴的语言学起点上加以思考。雅各布森1919年首次提出了“文学性”的概念，1929年又率先使用了“结构主义”这一概念。文学研究与语言学之间的相互关系，成为雅各布森学术思想的主导线索。返观雅各布森的“结构”中的“文学性”，可以看到他在批判地接受索绪尔结构语言学的基础上，进一步开掘了功能主义思想，拓展了语言学研究的社会意义和人文价值。雅各布森“动态共时”的功能结构观，是结构主义从语言学移植到文学研究的一个不可越过的关节点，也是理解“文学性”的不可或缺的理论背景。在雅各布森看来，文学性就是“诗性功能”在语言的多功能结构中占据“主导”、语言六大功能同时都具备并彼此相生互动的语言艺术的特质。文学性并不是文学弃绝了一切外部联系的独立自足性。判断诗性功能是否占据主导的参数，不仅有诗学的、艺术的、审美的维度，也有社会的、历史的、文化的维度。

关键词: 文学性, 结构语言学, 动态共时, 功能结构观, 诗性功能, 主导

Abstract: It is necessary to take the linguistic source of "literariness" into account when we discuss the controversy concerning the term itself. Jakobson brought forth the concept of "literariness" for the first time in 1919. After that, the relation between literature and linguistics always played a leading role in his academic thoughts. He was also the first to use the notion of "structuralism" in 1929 and became a pivotal figure in the adaptation of Saussure's structural analysis to literary theory. Not only did he explore his precursor's functionalist ideology, but also expanded the social significance and humanistic values of linguistic studies. Therefore, his view of "dynamic synchronism" is essential to applying structural linguistic analysis to literary studies, and to comprehending what literariness is. To Jakobson, "literariness" is the dominance of poetic function in the multi-functional structure of language. Literariness is not the independent self-sufficiency of literature that rejects all external connections. On the contrary, the six functions of language act simultaneously and interactively influence each other with regard to the art of language. To determine whether the poetic function dominates, one should not only consider the poetic, artistic and aesthetic dimensions of language, but also its social, historical and cultural aspects. Thus, the origin of the concept may shed some light on the debates about "literariness".

Key words: literariness, structural linguistics, dynamic synchrony, structural-functional view, poetic function, dominance