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文艺理论研究

文艺理论研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1): 198-205.

• 文论互鉴 • 上一篇    下一篇

布迪厄“惯习”概念的历史生成与革命性转换——农村社会学的视角

张宗帅   

  • 出版日期:2024-01-25 发布日期:2024-03-07
  • 作者简介:张宗帅,文学博士,山东师范大学文学院讲师,主要从事西方文论、环境人文研究。

The Historical Genesis and Transformation of Bourdieu's Concept of “Habitus”: A Rural Sociological Perspective

Zhang Zongshuai   

  • Online:2024-01-25 Published:2024-03-07
  • About author:Zhang Zongshuai, Ph.D., is a lecturer in the School of Chinese Language and Literature at Shandong Normal University. His research interests include Western literary theory and environmental humanities.

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摘要： 不同于齐美尔、本雅明、阿多诺等人通过对现代城市社会、工业文明的变化的关注来建立各自的美学和文艺理论,布迪厄在分析社会文化现象和文艺作品时所运用的概念和理论,是通过对农村社会的变化的密切关注而建立起来的。“惯习”是布迪厄分析文学场和艺术场中的行动特征的最重要的概念,用来解释现代主义文艺潮流中的福楼拜、波德莱尔、马奈等艺术革命的发动者,他们所具备的革命性行动是如何发生的。从历史和生成的角度看,“惯习”概念是布迪厄20世纪五六十年代在阿尔及利亚进行的有关农民进入城镇定居的文化适应过程,以及在法国贝亚恩进行的有关农村受到城镇化冲击出现大量男性单身现象等有关社会转型的农村社会学研究中最早提出的。在20世纪60年代的农村社会研究中用来解释“惯习”概念的“倾向系统”这一词汇,在布迪厄1999—2000年在法兰西学院进行的关于画家马奈的讲座中反复出现和重新运用,以此来强调行动者的积极主动性及其对于场的变革性因素。

关键词: 惯习, 倾向系统, 时间性, 农村社会学

Abstract: Bourdieu's theories and relevant conceptualizations in analyzing social and cultural phenomena and literary works were formulated based on his close attention to the transformation of the rural society. Such perspective distinguishes him from Zimmer, Benjamin and Adorno, whose aesthetics and literary theories were formed through their engagement with the transformation of modern urban society and industrial civilization. “Habitus” is the most important concept in Bourdieu's analysis of the characteristics of action in the literary and artistic fields, and is used to interpret how the revolutionary actions of Flaubert, Baudelaire, Manet and other pioneers of modernist artistic revolution took place. From a historical and generative perspective, the concept of “habitus” was first proposed in Bourdieu's early rural sociological studies of the social transformation in the 1950s and 1960s, which was concerned with the process of peasants' cultural adaptation to urban settlement in Algeria as well as the growing number of single men in rural areas affected by urbanization in Béarn, France. The term “system of dispositions,” which was used to explain the concept of “habitus” in rural social research in the 1960s, repeatedly appeared in Bourdieu's 19992000 lectures on Manet at the Collège de France. It was employed to emphasize the proactive nature of the actor and their transformative impact on the field.

Key words: habitus, system of dispositions, temporality, rural sociology