恶是现代以来德国哲学传统的关键概念。康德提出的“根本恶”为人性奠定了抽象普遍的基调,涉及先验哲学框架内人性的可能性与限度,恶的神学意涵被淡化。20世纪下半叶到21世纪初,两次世界大战对西方文明的摧毁,集中营等极端事件引发了对人性的重新思考。法国哲学以自由与介入的独特思想特质,回应并发展了德国哲学传统中恶的概念,在后现代思潮的影响下赋予了恶的概念无法言说、无法理解的特质。恶的概念在法国自身的历史语境与地理空间中,在与德国哲学的互动中,不断流变甚至被彻底打破。恶的历史语义在理论与实践中发生了根本改变,却在美学领域与具体的文艺实践中以悖论方式得以重新言说和表述。因此法国语境下恶的概念的特质,还在于其中蕴含的救赎的可能性。
Abstract
“Evil” has been a key word in the German philosophical tradition since modern times. Immanuel Kant's concept of “radical evil” serves as the foundation for the abstract and universal nature of humanity, exploring the possibilities and limits of humanity within the theoretical framework of transcendental philosophy, and the theological implications of evil are played down. In the latter half of the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century, two world wars devastated Western civilization, resulting in catastrophes such as the Holocaust, prompting reflections on humanity. French philosophy, known for freedom and intervention, responded to and expounded upon the concept of “evil” inherited from the German philosophical tradition. Influenced by the postmodern trend, it infused the concept with unutterable and unfathomable meanings. Within the French historical context and through the interactions with German philosophy, the concept of “evil” underwent constant transformation and even rupture. The historical significance of “evil” is undergoing a fundamental shift, paradoxically represented and expressed in aesthetic theories and tangible works of literature and art. Thus, the French perspective on the concept of “evil” is characterized by its potentials for redemption.
关键词
恶 /
概念史 /
自我 /
他者 /
文学 /
二战后
{{custom_keyword}} /
Key words
“evil” /
conceptual history /
self /
the other /
literature /
the post-World War II period
{{custom_keyword}} /
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
彼得安德雷·阿尔特:《恶的美学历程:一种浪漫主义解读》,宁瑛、王德峰、钟长盛译。北京:中央编译出版社,2014年。
[Alt, Peter-André. Aesthetics of Evil. Trans. Ning Ying, Wang Defeng and Zhong Changsheng. Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press, 2014.]
Badiou, Alain. Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. Trans. Peter Hallward. London & New York: Verso, 2001.
---. Metapolitics. Trans. Jason Baker. London: Verso, 2005.
---. “Preface.” The Adventure of French Philosophy. Trans. Bruno Bosteels. London & New York: Verso, 2012. li-lxiii.
亚当·约翰·巴特雷 尤斯丁·克莱门斯编:《巴迪欧:关键概念》,蓝江译。重庆:重庆大学出版社,2016年。
[Bartlett, Adam John, and Justin Clemens, eds. Alain Badiou: Key Concepts. Trans. Lan Jiang. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2016.]
Bataille, Georges. La Littérature et le Mal. Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1957.
让·鲍德里亚:《恶的透明性》,王晴译。西安:西北大学出版社,2019年。
[Baudrillard, Jean. The Transparency of Evil: Essays on Extreme Phenomena. Trans. Wang Qing. Xi'an: Northwest University Press, 2019.]
萨缪尔·贝克特:《贝克特全集.15,自由》,方颂华译。长沙:湖南文艺出版社,2016年。
[Beckett, Samuel. Freedom. Trans. Fang Songhua. Changsha: Hunan Literature and Art Press, 2016.]
理查德·雅各布·伯恩斯坦:《根本恶》,王钦、朱康译。南京:译林出版社,2015年。
[Bernstein, Richard Jacob. Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation. Trans. Wang Qin and Zhu Kang. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 2015.]
Burgwinkle, William, et al, eds. The Cambridge History of French Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
普利西拉·帕克赫斯特·克拉克:《文学法兰西:一种文化的诞生》,施清婧译。南京:译林出版社,2019年。
[Clark, Priscilla Parkhurst. Literary France: The Making of a Culture. Trans. Shi Qingjing. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 2019.]
Derrida, Jacques, and Gianni Vattimo, eds. Religion. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.
安妮·埃尔诺:《悠悠岁月》,吴岳添译。北京:人民文学出版社,2009年。
[Ernaux, Annie. The Years. Trans. Wu Yuetian. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 2009.]
“Evil.” Oxford English Dictionary. March 2022. 10 May 2022 .
方维规:《伽达默尔:“作为哲学的概念史”》,《中国社会科学评价》1(2020):9—14。
[Fang, Weigui. “Gadamer: ‘Conceptual History as Philosophy’.” China Social Science Review 1 (2020): 9-14.]
——:《历史的概念向量》。北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2021年。
[---. The Conceptual Vectors of History. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2021.]
彼得·盖伊:《现代主义:从波德莱尔到贝克特之后》,骆守怡、杜冬译。南京:译林出版社,2017年。
[Gay, Peter. Modernism: The Lure of Heresy from Baudelaire to Beckett and beyond. Trans. Luo Shouyi and Du Dong. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 2017.]
伊曼努尔·康德:《康德著作全集》第6卷,李秋零等译。北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007年。
[Kant, Immanuel. The Complete Works of Immanuel Kant. Vol. 6. Trans. Li Qiuling, et al. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2007.]
理查德·莱恩:《导读鲍德里亚:原书第2版》,柏愔、董晓蕾译。重庆:重庆大学出版社,2016年。
[Lane, Richard. Jean Baudrillard (Second Edition). Trans. Bai Yin and Dong Xiaolei. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2016.]
让马里·古斯塔夫·勒·克莱齐奥:《战争》,李焰明、袁筱一译。南京:译林出版社,1994年。
[Le Clézio, Jean-Marie Gustave. War. Trans. Li Yanming and Yuan Xiaoyi. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 1994.]
Levinas, Emmanuel. De l' Existence à l' Existant. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2004.
---. Of God Who Comes to Mind. Trans. Bettina Bergo. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
马克·里拉:《当知识分子遇到政治》,邓晓菁、王笑红译。北京:新星出版社,2010年。
[Lilla, Mark. The Reckless Mind: Intellectuals in Politics. Trans. Deng Xiaojing and Wang Xiaohong. Beijing: New Star Press, 2010.]
刘文瑾:《恶缘何平庸——列维纳斯论恶与神义论诱惑》,《探索与争鸣》,2(2020):148—156。
[Liu, Wenjin. “The Banality of Evil: Levinas on Evil and the Temptation of Theodicy.” Exploration and Free Views 2 (2020): 148-156.]
“Mal.” ORTOLANG: Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. 2013. 10 May 2022 .
帕特里克·莫迪亚诺:《夜半撞车》,谭立德译。北京:人民文学出版社,2005年。
[Modiano, Patrick. Paris Nocturne. Trans. Tan Lide. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 2005.]
克洛德·米尔西亚:《新小说·新电影》,李华译。天津:天津人民出版社,2003年。
[Murcia, Claude. New Novel, New Cinema. Trans. Li Hua. Tianjin: Tianjin People's Publishing House, 2003.]
Neiman, Susan. Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2015.
Offenstadt, Nicolas. “(Hi)stories and Memories of the Great War in France: 19142018.” Writing the Great War: The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present. Eds. Christoph Cornelissen and Arndt Weinrich. Oxford & New York: Berghahn Books, 2021. 1149.
Ricœur, Paul. Finitude et Cupabilité: La Symbolique du Mal. Vol. 2. Paris: Éditions Montaigne, 1960.
阿兰·罗伯格里耶:《快照集·为了一种新小说》,余中先译。长沙:湖南美术出版社,2001年。
[Robbe-Grillet, Alain. For a New Novel: Essays on Fiction. Trans. Yu Zhongxian. Changsha: Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2001.]
——:《重现的镜子》,杜莉、杨令飞译。长沙:湖南文艺出版社,2011年。
[---. Le Miroir qui Revient. Trans. Du Li and Yang Lingfei. Changsha: Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2011.]
菲利普·索莱尔斯:《无限颂:谈思想文化》,刘成富、房美译。郑州:河南大学出版社,2018年。
[Sollers, Philippe. Eulogy of the Infinity. Trans. Liu Chengfu and Fang Mei. Zhengzhou: Henan University Press, 2018.]
赫伯特·施皮格伯格:《现象学运动》,王炳文、张金言译。北京:商务印书馆,1995年。
[Spiegelberg, Herbert. The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction. Trans. Wang Bingwen and Zhang Jinyan. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1995.]
茨维坦·托多罗夫:《启蒙的精神》,马利红译。上海:华东师范大学出版社,2012年。
[Todorov, Tzvetan. The Spirit of the Enlightenment. Trans. Ma Lihong. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 2012.]
——:《野蛮人的恐惧:超越文明冲突论》,许惇纯译。新北市:广场出版社,2017年。
[---. The Fear of Barbarians: Beyond the Clash of Civilizations. Trans. Xu Dunchun. New Taipei: Agora, 2017.]
——:《艺术或生活》,俞佳乐译。上海:华东师范大学出版社,2018年。
[---. Art or Life: The Case of Rembrandt. Trans. Yu Jiale. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 2018.]
---. Memory As Remedy for Evil. Trans. Gila Walker. Chicago: Seagull Books, 2010.
王嘉军:《存在、异在与他者:列维纳斯与法国当代文论》。上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2019年。
[Wang, Jiajun. Being, Exotism and the Other: Emmanuel Levinas and Contemporary French Literary Theory. Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 2019.]
王铭铭主编:《20世纪西方人类学主要著作指南》,北京:民主与建设出版社,2018年。
[Wang, Mingming, ed. A Guide to the Main Works of the Twentieth Century Western Anthropology. Beijing: Democracy and Construction Publishing House, 2018.]
彼得·沃森:《虚无时代:上帝死后我们如何生活》,高礼杰译。上海:上海译文出版社,2021年。
[Watson, Peter. The Age of Nothing: How We Have Sought to Live Since the Death of God. Trans. Gao Lijie. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2021.]
理查德·沃林:《非理性的诱惑:从尼采到后现代知识分子》,阎纪宇译。上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2017年。
[Wolin, Richard. The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism. Trans. Yan Jiyu. Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 2017.]
{{custom_fnGroup.title_cn}}
脚注
{{custom_fn.content}}