Penglai, Cinnabar, and the Great Roc: The Presence of Daoism in Du Fu's Poetry

LIU  Hao-Ming

PDF(1032 KB)

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art ›› 2013, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5) : 64-86.

Classical Literary Theory and Criticism

Penglai, Cinnabar, and the Great Roc: The Presence of Daoism in Du Fu's Poetry

LIU Hao-Ming

Author information +

History +

Abstract

This paper challenges the traditional stereotype of Du Fu as poet-sage by investigating his relationship to Daoism as is reflected in his poetry and in his life. It first discusses Du Fu's subscription to Daoism as a state ideology promoted by the Tang rulers and his representation of the court in Daoist paradisiacal imagery. It then moves to a discussion of the significance of Daoism to Du Fu as a personal faith and practice, with particular attention paid to his relationship with the doctrine of gold cinnabar. Finally, it investigates the nature and the meaning of the metamorphosis of the poetic self according to patterns set up in Zhuang-zi in his poetry written mostly in Hunan.

Key words

Du Fu / Daoism / Tang poetry / Gold Cinnabar / Metamorphosis

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

LIU Hao-Ming. Penglai, Cinnabar, and the Great Roc: The Presence of Daoism in Du Fu's Poetry[J]. Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art, 2013, 33(5): 64-86

References

Ban, Gu 班固 (ps.). Han Wudi Neizhuan 漢武帝内傳. Shou Shan Ge Congshu 守山閣叢書. Ed. Qian Xizuo 錢熙祚. 1844.
Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen. “Inner Alchemy: Notes on the Origin and Use of the Term Neidan.” Cahiers d’Extrême Asie 5(1989-1990): 163-90.
Barrett, T.H.. Taoism under the T’ang: Religion and Empire during the Golden Age of Chinese History. London: Wellsweep, 1996.
Benn, Charles. “Religious Aspects of Emperor Hsüan-tsung’s Taoist Ideology.” Chappell, David W., ed. Buddhist and Taoist Practice in Medieval Chinese Society: Buddhist and Taoist Studies. Vol. 2. Honolulu, Hawaii: U. of Hawaii P., 1987. 127-45.
Cahill, Suzanne. Transcendence & Divine Passion: The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China. Stanford, CA: Stanford U. P., 1993.
Chen, Yixin陳貽焮. Du Fu Ping Zhuan杜甫評傳. 3 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1982.
---. “Tangdai mouxie zhishifenzi yinyi qiuxian-de zhengzhi mudi, jian lun Li Bai de zhengzhi lixiang he congzheng tujing.” 唐代某些知識分子隱逸求仙的政治目的，兼論李白的政治理想和從政圖徑. Chen, Yixin. Tang Shi Lun Cong 唐詩論叢. Changsha: Hu’nan People’s Publishing House, 1980.
Chen, Yinke 陳寅恪. Tangdai Zhengzhi Shi Shu Lun Gao 唐代政治史述論稿. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1982.
Chou, Eva Shan. Reconsidering Tu Fu: Literary Greatness and Cultural Context. Cambridge, England: Cambridge U. P., 1995.
---.  “Du Fu’s Social Conscience: Compassion and Topicality in His Poetry.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 51.1 (June, 1991): 5-53.
Ding, Fubao 丁福保, ed. Lidai Shihua Xubian 歷代詩話續編. 3 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1983.
Dong, Gao董誥. Quan Tang Wen全唐文. Facsimile reprint of the 1814 original edition. 5 vols.  Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990.
Du, Guangting 杜光庭. Lidai Chongdao Ji 歷代崇道記. Zhengtong Daozang, 329.
Du, You杜佑. Tong Dian 通典. Eds. Wang Wenjin 王文錦, et al. 5 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1988.
Ebrey, Patricia. “Portrait Sculptures in Imperial Ancestral Rites in Song China.” T’oung Pao LXXXIII (1997): 48-49.
Eliade, M.. Mèphistophélès et l’androgyne. Paris: Gallimard, 1962.
Empson, William. Seven Types of Ambiguity. New York: New Directions, 1966.
Feng, Yan封演. Fengshi Wen Jian Ji 封氏聞見記. rpt. Congshu Xuanji叢書選輯 48. Taipei: Xinwenfeng, 1984.
Feng, Zhi馮至. Du Fu Zhuan 杜甫傳. Beijing: People’s Literature Publishing House, 1952.
Fish, Michael B.. “Yang Kuei-fei as the Hsi Wang Mu: Secondary Narrative in Two T’ang Poems.” Monumenta Serica 32 (1976): 337-54.
Fu, Gengsheng 傅庚生. Du Shi San Yi 杜詩散議. Xi’an, Shaanxi: Shaanxi People’s Publishing House, 1979.
Guo, Moruo 郭沫若. Li Bai yu Du Fu 李白與杜甫. Beijing: People’s Literature Publishing House, 1971.
Guo, Qingfan郭慶藩. Zhuangzi Jishi莊子集釋. 3 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2004.
Guo, Zhida郭知達. Jijia Jizhu Du Shi九家集注杜詩. Facsimile reprt. of the Siku ed. Taipei: Shangwu, 1986.
Hong, Xingzu洪興祖. Chu Ci Bu Zhu 楚辭補注. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,1983.
Hu, Daojing胡道靜, et al, eds. Zang Wai Dao Shu 藏外道書. 36 vols. Chengdu, Sichuan: Ba Shu Book Company, 1992-94.
Hu, Zhenheng 胡震亨. Tang Yin Gui Qian 唐音癸籤. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1981.
Hua, Wenxuan 華文軒, ed. Gudian Wenxue Yanjiu Ziliao Huibian: Du Fu Juan古典文學研究資料選編·杜甫卷. 3 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1964.
Huang, Miaozi黃苗子. Wu Daozi Shi Ji 吴道子事輯. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1991.
Hung, William. Tu Fu, China’s Greatest Poet. Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. P., 1952.
Ji, Qin 冀勤, ed. Yuan Zhen Ji 元稹集. 2 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1982.
Jiang, Qingxiang 蔣清翔, ed. with annot. Wang Zi’an Jizhu 王子安集註. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1995.
Kang, Pian康駢. Jutan Lu 劇談錄.  Baibu Congkan Jicheng 百部叢書集成 46. Xuejin Taoyuan 學津討原, han 23.
Li, Fang李昉. Wenyuan Yinghua 文苑英華. 6 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1966.
---. Taiping Guangji太平廣記. Facsimile reprt. of the Siku edition. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990.
---. Taiping Yulan太平御覽. 4 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1960.
Li, Jingde黎靖德. Zhuzi Yulei朱子語類. 8 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1999.
Li, Yangzheng李養正. Daojiao Gaishuo 道敎概說. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1989.
Liang, Qichao梁啟超. “Qingsheng Du Fu” 情聖杜甫. Yinbingshi Heji飲冰室合集. 12 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1989.
Lin, Jizhong林繼中. Du Shi Zhao Cigong Xianhou Jie Jijiao杜詩趙次公先後解輯校. 2 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Company, 1994.
Liu, Su劉肅. Da Tang Xinyu 大唐新語. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1984.
Liu, Wendian 劉文典. Huainan Honglie Jijie 淮南鴻烈集解. 2 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1989.
Liu, Xu劉昫. Jiu Tangshu舊唐書. 16 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1975.
Liu, Yang. “Images for the Temple: Imperial Patronage in the Development of Tang Daoist Art.” Artibus Asiae LXI. 2 (2001): 189-261.
Ma, Qichang 馬其昶, ed. with annot. Han Changli Wenji Jiaozhu 韓昌黎文集校注. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987.
Mei, Tsu-lin, and Kao, Yu-kung. “Tu Fu’s ‘Autumn Meditations’: An Exercise in Linguistic Criticism.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 28 (1968): 44-80.
Mu Tianzi Zhuan 穆天子傳. Congshu Jicheng Chubian叢書集成初編 3436. Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1937.
Owen, Stephen. “The Self’s Perfect Mirror: Poetry as Autobiography.” Shuen-fu Lin and Stephen Owen, eds. The Vitality of the Lyric Voice: Shih Poetry from the Late Han to T’ang. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U. P., 1986.
Pu, Qilong 浦起龍. Du Du Xin jie 讀杜心解. 2 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1961.
Qian, Qianyi錢謙益. Qian zhu Du shi錢註杜詩. 2 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1979.
Qian, Zhongshu 錢锺書. Jiu Wen Si Pian 舊文四篇. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1979.
Qiu, Zhao’ao. 仇兆鰲. Du Shi Xiang Zhu杜詩詳注. 5 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1979.
Quan Tang shi 全唐詩. 25 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1960.
Robinet, Isabelle. Taoism: Growth of a Religion. Trans. Phyllis Brooks. Stanford, CA: Stanford U. P., 1992/1997.
---. “Recherche sur l’alchimie intérieure (neidan): L’École zhenyuan.” Cahiers d’Extrême Asie 5 (1989-1990): 141-62.
---. “Metamorphosis and Deliverance from the Corpse in Taoism.” History of Religion 19 (1979): 37-70.
---. “Randonnées extatiques des Taoistes dans les astres.” Momunenta Serica 32 (1976): 159-273.
Ruan, Yuan阮元, ed. Shisan Jing Zhushu 十三經注疏. 2 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980.
Saussy, Haun, The Problem of a Chinese Aesthetic. Stanford, CA: Stanford U. P., 1993.
Schafer, Edward H.. Mirages on the Sea of Time, The Taoist Poetry of Ts’ao T’ang. Berkeley and Los Angeles: U. of California P., 1985.
---. Pacing the Void: T’ang Approaches to the Stars. Berkeley, CA: U. of California P., 1977.
---. “The T’ang Imperial Icon.” Sinologica: Zeitschrift für chinesische Kultur und Wissenschaft 7.3 (1963): 156-60.
---. “Mineral Imagery in the Paradise Poems of Kuan Hsiu.” Asia Major 10 (1963): 73-102.
Schipper, Kristofer Marinus, trans. and intro. L’Empereur Wou des Han dans la légende taoiste. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient, 1965.
Shao, Haiqing 邵海清 and Li, Mengsheng李夢生, eds. with annot. Zhong Ya Tang Ji Jiao Jian 忠雅堂集箋註. 4 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1993.
Shazhou Zhuzi Ershiliu Zhong沙州諸子二十六種. Taipei: Guangwen, 1971.
Shi, Fengyu施逢雨. “Tangdai Daojiaotu shi yinyi de jueqi—Li Bai de yinyi” 唐代道敎徒式隱逸的崛起. Lü Zhenghui 吕正惠, ed. Tang Shi Lunwen Xuanji 唐詩論文選集. Taipei: Chang’an, 1985. 191-228.
Shi, Hongbao施鴻保. Du Du Shi Shuo 讀杜詩說. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983.
Sima, Guang司馬光. Zi Zhi Tong Jian 資治通鑒. 10 vols. Beijing: Guji, 1956.
Soymié, Michel. “Le Lo-feou chan: Étude de géographie religieuse.” Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient 48 (1956): 1-139.
Sun, Changwu 孫昌武. DaoJiao yu Tang Dai Wenxue 道敎與唐代文學. Beijing: People’s Literature Publishing House, 2001.
Sun, Shi孫奭. Mengzi Zhushu孟子注疏. Ruan, Yuan. Shisan jing zhushu. Vol. 2.
Tong, Peiji 佟培基, ed. with annot. Meng Haoran Shiji Jianzhu 孟浩然詩集箋註. Shanghai: Guji, 2000.
Wang, Ming 王明. Baopu-zi Neipian Jiaoshi 抱朴子内篇校釋. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985.
Wang, Pu王溥. Tang Huiyao唐會要. 3 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1955.
Wang, Qi王琦, ed. & annot. Li Taibai Quanji 李太白全集. 3 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1977.
Wang, Qinruo王欽若 et al, eds. Ce Fu Yuan Gui 冊府元龜. 12 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1989.
Wang, Sishi王嗣奭. Du Yi 杜臆. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983.
Wang, Shizhen王士禛. Daijingtang Shihua 带經堂詩話. 2 vols. Beijing: People’s Literature Publishing House, 1998.
Wang, Shumin 王叔岷, ed. Liexian Zhuan Jiaojian 列仙傳校笺.  Zhongyang yanjiuyuan Zhongguo wenzhe yanjiu suo Zhongguo wenzhe zhuankan中央研究院中國文哲研究所中國文哲專刊7. Taibei: Zhongyanyuan wenzhe suo, 1995.
Watson, Burton. Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century, with Translations. New York, NY: Columbia U. P., 1971.
Wechsler, Howard, Offerings of Jade and Silk: Ritual and Symbols in the Legitimation of the T’ang Dynasty. New Haven and London: Yale U. P., 1985.
Wen, Yiduo 聞一多. “Du Fu.” Wen Yiduo. Tang Shi Zalun 唐詩雑論. Wen Yiduo Quanji全集3: 155. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 1982.
Wu Qiao 吳喬. Wei Lu Shihua 圍爐詩話. Jie Yue Shanfang Huichao 借月山房彙鈔16.
Xie, Shouhao 謝守灝 . Hunyuan Shengji 混元聖記. Zhengtong Daozang Juan 553.
Xiong, Victor. “Ritual Innovations and Taoism under Tang Xuanzong.” T’oung Pao LXXXII (1996): 258-316.
Xu, Peijun 徐培均, ed. & annot. Huai Hai ji 淮海集. 3 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1994.
Yan, Jinxiong 嚴進雄. Tangdai Youxianshi Yanjiu 唐代遊仙詩研究. Taipei: Wenjin, 1996.
Yao, Xuan姚鉉. Tang Wen Cui唐文粹. Taipei: Shijie, 1988.
Ye, Jiaying 葉嘉瑩. Du Fu Qiuxing Bashou Jishuo 杜甫秋興八首集說. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1988.
Ye, Xie 葉燮. Yuan Shi 原詩. Beijing: People’s Literature Publishing House, 1998.
Yoke, Ho Peng, and Needham, Joseph. “Elixir Poisoning in Medieval China.” Janus 48 (1959): 221-51.
Yu, Anlan于安瀾, ed. Huashi Congshu 畫史叢書. 5 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Fine Arts Publishing House, 1963.
Yu, Pauline. Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition. Princeton: Princeton U. P., 1987.
Zach, Erwin von, trans. Tu Fu’s Gedichte. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. P., 1952.
Zhang, Hua 張華. Bo wu zhi 博物誌. Wang Yunwu王雲五, ed. Congshu Jicheng Chubian 叢書集成初編. Changsha: Shangwu, 1939.
Zhang, Junfang張君房, ed. Yunji Qi Qian云笈七籖. Sibu Congkan 四部叢刊.
Zhang, Yanyuan張彦遠. Lidai Minghua Ji 歷代名畫記. Yu, Anlan. Huashi congshu. Vol. 1. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Fine Arts Publishing House, 1963.
Zhao, Diancheng趙殿成, ed. with annot. Wang Youcheng Ji Jianzhu 王右丞集箋註. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1984.
Zhaoming, Prince昭明太子, ed. Wenxuan文選. Facsimile of the 1809 edition. 3 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1977.
Zhengtong Daozang 正統道藏. Shanghai: Hanfen lou, 1923-1926.
Zhu, Guangquan 朱光潛. “You xian shi.”遊仙詩. Wenxue Zazhi 文學雑誌 3 (1948. 4): 1-14.