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文艺理论研究

文艺理论研究 ›› 2013, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 33-44.

• 现当代文论研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

毛泽东时代后中国环境文学中的感应

魏若冰   

  1. 北卡罗来纳州大学教堂山分校
  • 出版日期:2013-07-25 发布日期:2013-08-29
  • 作者简介:魏若冰（Robin Visser），北卡罗来纳州大学（教堂山）中文副教授，目前主要研究兴趣在于中文生态文学，已出版著作包括《城市包围农村：后社会主义中国的城市美学》（2010年），《人民币城眼看成人》（2013年待出），《中国生态城市与郊区化规划》（待出）等。

Anthropocosmic Resonance in Post-Mao Chinese Environmental Literature

Robin Visser   

  1. the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • Online:2013-07-25 Published:2013-08-29
  • About author:Robin Visser (Ph.D. Columbia University) is Associate Professor of Chinese at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (rvisser@email.unc.edu). Her recent publications include a book, Cities Surround the Countryside: Urban Aesthetics in Postsocialist China (Duke UP, 2010), book chapters "Coming of Age in RMB City" (Amsterdam UP, 2013), "The Chinese Eco-City and Suburbanization Planning" (Duke UP, forthcoming), and a translation, "Post-Taiwan New Cinema Women Directors and Their Films" (Columbia UP, 2011). Her current research is on Sinophone eco-literature.

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摘要： 本文检视1980年代中国环境文学中的哲学观念，提出这其中所蕴含的人与环境关系的视角源自道家、万物有灵论以及佛教，并认为这些视角传达出一种汇合式的新儒家理想主义的人本主义哲学。本文分析了后毛文学作品中的三个影响较大的作品，这几部作品采用了古典哲学思维和实践，对邓小平时代新自由主义发展观指导下的不可持续发展的毁坏森林行为提出批评。这三部作品分别是阿城的《树王》、徐刚的《伐木者，醒来！》以及高行健的《灵山》。本文认为 《树王》代表了后毛时代生态意识的最初觉醒，《伐木者，醒来》肇始了诉诸政体道德核心的生态报告文学运动，而《灵山》则借助于道家的语言与意义，具体而微地践行了科学的生态保护主义实践。虽然这些作品所采取的视角已非人类中心的哲学视野，但作品所暗含的主要还是人本主义的视角。这些作品都暗示着一个先入之见，即，人类对环境具有起源性的破坏，但他们都对启蒙具有一种乐观精神，认为人类参与宇宙可能降低这种影响。在这一点上，李泽厚对于主体性的论述便不仅是一个认识论观念，而是将人类视为物质、生物、客观的存在形式，对于人与环境的关系具有积极作用。

关键词: 生态文学, 美学, 相对本体论, 类并论, 有机主义

Abstract: In this article I examine philosophical ideas in 1980s Chinese environmental literature that, while espousing perspectives on human relations to the natural environment derived from Daoism, animism, and Buddhism primarily convey a syncretic humanist philosophy of Neo-Confucian idealism. I analyze three influential post-Mao literary works that appropriate ancient philosophical thought and praxis to critique unsustainable deforestation during the intensifying neoliberal development characterizing the Deng era. Ah Cheng's 1985 novella, King of Trees is one of the earliest examples of post-Mao ecological consciousness. Xu Gang's 1987 Woodcutter, Wake Up! launched the eco-reportage movement by appealing to the moral center of the regime. Gao Xingjian's 1989 novel, Soul Mountain, details scientific ecological practices of conservationists via Daoist plays with language and meaning. I argue that while these post-Mao works appropriate perspectives from less anthropocentric philosophies, the underlying assumptions of each work nonetheless remains strongly humanist. Furthermore, while these works share a preoccupation with anthropogenic damage to the environment they convey optimism about the potential to minimize this impact via enlightened human participation in the cosmos. Philosopher Li Zehou's formulation of subjectivity conveys this perspective not as a concept of epistemology, but instead in viewing humans as forms of material, biological, and objective existence that have an active capability in relationship to the environment.

Key words: eco-literature, aesthetics, relational ontologies, syncretism, organism