“述而不作”与“圣贤”神话

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 被视为“天纵之圣”且“多能”的孔子，究竟缘何“述而不作”？释读的关键在于“述”“作”的意义。本文从礼乐仪式语境和文字考古来追寻“述”“作”初义对“述而不作”的潜在规约。“述”“作”原本都深深根源于口传文化祝祷神灵的仪式语境，而后引申为撰述和创作，但各有倚重，“述”偏于卜筮祝祷技艺和仪式性言行信守与遵循、践行；而“作”偏于契刻、铭刻、建造等仪式性制作传统。“述作”的关键性区别在于述作主体知晓神圣启示的能力差异。孔子时代，主导性知识传承方式依旧是口述和礼乐仪式。“述而不作”与孔圣“作春秋”的矛盾与辩驳，既是孔子被神圣化的裂隙见证，同时也保留了“述作”本有的神话仪式规约力量。从神话历史大传统中脱颖而出的孔子及其开创的儒学，始终难以完全脱离神圣信仰下的神话编码与言说方式。

关键词: 述而不作, 礼仪传统, 圣贤神话, 汉字编码

Abstract: The paper tries to investigate why Confucius make the claim of "relating (shu) instead of making (zuo)." It starts with an exegesis of "shu (relating)" and "zuo (making)," putting them back into their initial context of oral and ritual tradition. The paper demonstrates that "shu (relating)" originated from the rite of oral praying and "zuo (making)" was a later extension, each with its own emphasis. While "shu" lays particular stress on abiding by the skill of divination and putting the ritual words and deeds into practice, "zuo" lays particular stress on the ritual tradition of inscription and building. The key distinction between "shu" and "zuo" is the different cognitive competence of the inspiration from the divinity. In the times of Confucius, oral recounting and ritual practice are the prevailing mode of imparting knowledge. The apparent contradictory in Confucius' claim of "relating instead of making" and his practice of writing Spring and Autumn Annals points on the one hand to a fissure in the process of Confucius' consecration and on the other hand to the disciplinary power retained in the mythological rituals. Confucius as the last sage of the oral culture and mythohistorical tradition is also subject to mythological encoding and its discursive power.

Key words: "relating instead of making", ritual tradition, myth of sage, Chinese character encoding

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“述而不作”与“圣贤”神话

"Relating instead of Making" and the Sage Myth

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